Does introduction of continuous glucose monitoring at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes increase uptake in children and adolescents?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether introduction of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), leads to greater uptake and continuation at 12 and 24 months, in a population-based pediatric diabetes clinic. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All T1D children and adolescents diagnosed in the 12 months following full government subsidization of CGM were offered CGM from diagnosis at Women's and Children's Hospital, SA (Cohort 1). Uptake and continuation of CGM was compared to those diagnosed in the preceding year, who were started on CGM after diagnosis, but otherwise had identical diabetes management (Cohort 2). Demographic and clinical data were collected prospectively. The primary outcome variable was CGM wear >75% of the time at 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: In Cohort 1, 84% were started on CGM at diagnosis. 88% had commenced CGM by 12 months and 90% by 24 months. In Cohort 2, CGM was started on average 10 months after diagnosis (range 1-25 months), with 81% started on CGM within 24 months of subsidization. At 24 months, 78% of Cohort 1 and 66% of Cohort 2 were wearing CGM >75% of the time (p = 0.26), higher than the WCH Clinic as a whole (58%). There was no difference in HbA1c between cohorts. CONCLUSION: Starting CGM at diagnosis of T1D is feasible and well received by families, with high uptake across all ages. Although CGM continuation (wearing CGM >75% of the time) was slightly higher in Cohort 1 than Cohort 2, this did not reach statistical significance.

The utility of continuous glucose monitoring systems in the management of children with persistent hypoglycaemia.

OBJECTIVES: Glucose monitoring is vital in children with persistent hypoglycaemia to reduce the risk of adverse neuro-behavioural outcomes; especially in children with hyperinsulinism. The role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems in monitoring glucose levels in this cohort is limited. The objective of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of CGM and to evaluate parents' experience of using CGM for monitoring glucose levels in children with hypoglycaemia. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of sensor glucose (SG) values from Dexcom G4 CGM with paired finger-prick blood glucose (BG) values was performed to determine the accuracy of CGM. The parent experience of CGM was assessed using a questionnaire administered to families of children with congenital hyperinsulinism currently attending the clinic. RESULTS: SG data from 40 children (median age 6 months) with persistent hypoglycaemia (60% Hyperinsulinism) were analysed. The mean difference between 5,650 paired BG and SG values was 0.28 mmol/L. The sensitivity and specificity of CGM to identify severe hypoglycaemia (BG < 3.0 mmol/L) were 54.3% (95% CI: 39.0%, 69.1%) and 97.4% (95% CI: 96.9%, 97.8%) respectively. Parents (n=11) reported less anxiety (n=9), better sleep at night (n=7) and preferred to use CGM for monitoring (n=9). CONCLUSIONS: Although the high number of false-positive readings precludes the routine use of CGM in the evaluation of hypoglycaemia, it avoids unnecessary BG testing during normoglycaemia. It is an acceptable tool for parents for monitoring their children who are at risk of hypoglycaemia. Newer CGM systems with improved accuracy at lower glucose levels have the potential to further improve monitoring.

Effectiveness of the freestyle libre 2 flash glucose monitoring system on diabetes-self-management practices and glycemic parameters among patients with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump.

AIMS: To determine the effectiveness of Freestyle Libre 2 (FSL2) on diabetes-self-management (DSM) practices and glycemic parameters among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using insulin pump. METHODS: This prospective study was performed among 47 patients with T1D (13-21yrs) who self-tested their glucose levels by the conventional finger-prick method using blood glucose meters (BGM). Data related to glycemic profile i.e., mean time in range (TIR), mean time above range (TAR) mean time below range (TBR), mean glucose level, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total daily dose of insulin (TDDI), frequency of glucose monitoring and DSM responses were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. RESULTS: The mean TIR was 59.8 ± 12.6%, TAR 32.7 ± 11.6%, TBR 7.5 ± 4.3%, mean glycemic variability, standard deviation 63.2 ± 12.5 mg/dL, and the coefficient of variation 41.3 ± 11.4% at 12 weeks. At baseline, the HbA1c level was 8.3%, and at 12 weeks, it dropped to 7.9% (p = 0.064). Baseline glucose monitoring frequency through BGM was 2.4/day; however, after the patients employed the FSL2, a higher degree of frequency of glucose monitoring was evident at 12 weeks as 8.2/day (p < 0.001). Significant improvements were observed in all the DSM subscales at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Using FSL2 was found to raise the patients' DSM levels and improved metabolic control.

Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy Among Young Patients With Diabetes.

Importance: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide. As the incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths continues to increase around the world, understanding the factors associated with the development of DR in this age group is important. Objective: To identify factors associated with DR among children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study pooled data from 2 large academic pediatric centers in the US (Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital [BCM/TCH] Diabetes and Endocrine Care Center and Johns Hopkins University [JHU] Pediatric Diabetes Center) to form a diverse population for analysis. Data were collected prospectively at the JHU center (via point-of-care screening using fundus photography) from December 3, 2018, to November 1, 2019, and retrospectively at the BCM/TCH center (via electronic health records of patients who received point-of-care screening using retinal cameras between June 1, 2016, and May 31, 2019). A total of 1640 individuals aged 5 to 21 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (308 participants from the JHU center and 1332 participants from the BCM/TCH center) completed DR screening and had gradable images. Main Outcome and Measures: Prevalence of DR, as identified on fundus photography, and factors associated with DR. Results: Among 1640 participants (mean [SD] age, 15.7 [3.6] years; 867 female individuals [52.9%]), 1216 (74.1%) had type 1 diabetes, and 416 (25.4%) had type 2 diabetes. A total of 506 participants (30.9%) were Hispanic, 384 (23.4%) were non-Hispanic Black or African American, 647 (39.5%) were non-Hispanic White, and 103 (6.3%) were of other races or ethnicities (1 was American Indian or Alaska Native, 50 were Asian, 1 was Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 51 did not specify race or ethnicity, specified other race or ethnicity, or had unavailable data on race or ethnicity). Overall, 558 of 1216 patients (45.9%) with type 1 diabetes used an insulin pump, and 5 of 416 patients (1.2%) with type 2 diabetes used an insulin pump. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 57 of 1640 patients (3.5%). Patients with DR vs without DR had a greater duration of diabetes (mean [SD], 9.4 [4.4] years vs 6.6 [4.4] years; P < .001) and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (mean [SD], 10.3% [2.4%] vs 9.2% [2.1%]; P < .001). Among those with type 1 diabetes, insulin pump use was associated with a lower likelihood of DR after adjusting for race and ethnicity, insurance status, diabetes duration, and HbA1c level (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20-0.93; P = .03). The likelihood of having DR was 2.1 times higher among Black or African American participants compared with White participants (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.12-4.01; P = .02); this difference was no longer significant after adjusting for duration of diabetes, insurance status, insulin pump use (among patients with type 1 diabetes only), and mean HbA1c level (type 1 diabetes: OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 0.83-3.89; P = .14; type 2 diabetes: OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.30-3.85; P = .91). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that although the duration of diabetes and suboptimal glycemic control have long been associated with DR, insulin pump use (among those with type 1 diabetes) was independently associated with a lower likelihood of DR, which is likely owing to decreased glycemic variability and increased time in range (ie, the percentage of time blood glucose levels remain within the 70-180 mg/dL range). Black or African American race was found to be associated with DR in the univariable analysis but not in the multivariable analysis, which may represent disparities in access to diabetes technologies and care.

Expect the unexpected: Adolescent and pre-teens' experience of diabetes technology self-management.

OBJECTIVE: Only 17% of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are currently meeting their glycemic targets despite advances in diabetes technologies. Self-management behaviors and challenges specific to use of diabetes technologies are insufficiently studied in adolescents. We aimed to describe the experience of diabetes technology self-management, including facilitators and barriers, among preteens/adolescents with low and high A1C. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Youth (10-18 years of age) with T1D who use insulin pump therapy were recruited from the larger quantitative cohort of a mixed methods study for participation in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Maximum variability sampling was used to recruit youth with A1C <7.5% (n = 5) and A1C >9% (n = 5). Participants' personal insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring data were downloaded and served as a visual reference. Interviews were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. RESULTS: Participants were 50% female with a median age of 14.9 years and 80% used CGM. The sample was predominantly white (90.0%). Analysis produced four major themes, Bad Day, Expect the Unexpected, Nighttime Dependence, and Unpredictability, It's Really a Team and interconnecting subthemes. Youth characterized ''Bad Days'' as those requiring increased diabetes focus and self-management effort. The unpredictability (''Expect the Unexpected'') of glucose outcomes despite attention to self-management behaviors was considerable frustration. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes devices such as insulin pumps are complex machines that rely heavily on individual proficiency, surveillance, and self-management behaviors to achieve clinical benefit. Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of self-management and the multitude of factors that feed youths' self-management behaviors.

Fighting the uphill battle to cure type 1 diabetes.

Three complementary approaches for type 1 diabetes. Immunotherapy targets the pathogenic immune cells or inflammatory cytokines to revert type 1 diabetes. An artificial pancreas delivers insulin automatically using continuous glucose monitoring, a controlling algorithm, and an insulin pump. Beta cell replacement therapy varies depending on the cell sources: allogeneic, or xenogeneic islet; beta-like cells derived from ESCs or iPSCs.

First year on commercial hybrid closed-loop system-experience on 111 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The hybrid close-loop system (HCL) is a rapidly emerging treatment method for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the long-term effectiveness of the system remains unclear. This study investigates the influence of the HCL on glycemic control in children and adolescents with T1D in a real-life setting during the first year on HCL. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all the patients (n = 111) aged 3 to 16 years with T1D who initiated the HCL system between 1st of December 2018 and 1st of December 2019 in the Helsinki University Hospital. Time in range (TIR), HbA1c, mean sensor glucose (SG) value, time below range (TBR), and SG coefficient of variance (CV) were measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 month. The changes over time were analyzed with a repeated mixed model adjusted with baseline glycemic control. RESULTS: After the initiation of HCL, all measures of glycemic control, except HbA1c, improved and the effect lasted throughout the study period. Between 0 and 12 month, TIR increased (ß = -2.5 [95%CI: -3.6 - (-1.3)], p < 0.001), whereas mean SG values (ß = -0.7 [95%CI: -0.9 - (-0.4)]), TBR (ß = -2.5 [95%CI: -3.6 - (-1.3)]), and SG CV (ß = -4.5 [95%CI: -6.3 - [-2.8]) decreased significantly (p < 0.001). Importantly, the changes occurred regardless of the age of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of glycemic control, except HbA1c, improved significantly after the initiation of the HCL system and the favorable effect lasted throughout the follow-up. These results support the view that HCL is an efficacious treatment modality for children and adolescents with T1D of all ages.

Efficacy of i-Port Advance system on patients satisfaction and glycemic control among patients with type 1 diabetes in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To determine the efficacy of i-Port Advance system on patients satisfaction and glycemic control among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This prospective study was performed among 73 patients with T1D (13-29 years) at Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data were collected at baseline and clinical characteristics were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. Patients' responses to Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and Insulin Delivery Satisfaction Survey (IDSS) were recorded at baseline and 12 weeks after initiating the i-Port Advance system. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, significant improvement was evident in the IDSS subscales, which comprises the IDSS effective (p = 0.048), burdensome (p = 0.032), and IDSS inconvenient (p = 0.001), with the total baseline IDSS score being 2.6 ± 0.42, and at 12 weeks being 3.7 ± 0.72 (p = 0.037). The MMAS total score at baseline was 4.6 ± 1.2, and at 12 weeks, it increased to 6.4 (p = 0.028). HbA1c level was 8.4% at baseline and decreased to 7.9% (p = 0.001) at 12 weeks. The total daily dose of insulin at baseline registered 0.9 ± 0.13, which declined to 0.8 ± 0.12 (p = 0.048) at 12 weeks. Fasting blood sugar value was 197 ± 23.4 at baseline, which dropped to 182 ± 24.5 at 12 weeks (p = 0.01); and the postprandial glucose at baseline was 195 ± 21.4 and declined to 177 ± 19.2 at 12 weeks (p = 0.01). The hypoglycemic episodes revealed a noteworthy reduction after the i-Port Advance system usage. CONCLUSION: Use of i-Port Advance system was found to raise the patients' satisfaction levels and lower both the hypoglycemic episodes as well as the HbA1c levels.

Racial disparities in treatment and outcomes of children with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess racial disparities in treatments and outcomes between Non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic and Non-Hispanic white (NHW) children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: We reviewed electronic health records of children (<18 years) attending a large, pediatric tertiary care diabetes center in the United States between October 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019. Health care utilization (appointment attendance, ED visits, hospitalizations), technology use (insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors [CGM]) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were examined for each race/ethnicity and stratified by insurance type (private/government) as a proxy for socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Of 1331 children (47% female) with a median (IQR) age of 14.2 (11.5, 16.3) years and T1D duration of 5.8 (3.8, 9) years; 1026 (77%) were NHW, 198 (15%) NHB, and 107 (8%) Hispanic. Government insurance was used by 358 (27%) children, representing 60% of NHB and 53% of Hispanic, but only 18% of NHW children. NHB children had higher HbA1c, more ED visits and hospitalizations, and were less likely to be treated with insulin pumps or CGM than NHW children (P < .001 for all). There were no racial disparities with regard to the number of appointments attended. CONCLUSIONS: Racial disparities in technology use and diabetes outcomes persist in children with T1D, regardless of insurance status. To ensure equitable care, pediatric healthcare providers should remain cognizant of racial disparities in diabetes treatment. The impact of provider and patient factors should be explored when studying the etiology of these health disparities.

Self-reported insulin pump prescribing practices in pediatric type 1 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Disadvantaged and minority youth with type 1 diabetes are less likely to be on insulin pump therapy compared to the majority population. Little is known about how pediatric endocrinology providers determine eligibility for insulin pump. We aimed to identify provider factors influencing the decision to initiate insulin pump therapy. METHODS: We conducted a survey of Pediatric Endocrine Society members who prescribe insulin pump therapy to pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. The survey collected information about prescriber characteristics, use and adherence to guidelines, eligibility criteria, and objective and subjective factors that influence insulin pump prescription. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 192 individuals who met eligibility criteria (14.1% response rate). The majority of respondents were attending providers, and were white, non-Hispanic females. A minority of providers (22%) reported following written insulin pump guidelines, and many (70%) reported using personal guidelines to guide patient selection. Most providers had no objective eligibility criteria, aside from standard glucose monitoring. Providers identified patient lifestyle and increased risk of hypoglycemia, as well as patient and family factors such as motivation, realistic expectations of insulin pump use, ability to demonstrate carbohydrate counting, patient request, and ability to communicate as important in the decision to initiate insulin pump. CONCLUSION: Pediatric endocrinology providers place significant importance on subjective factors and utilize few objective criteria in determining eligibility for insulin pump. In the setting of the known disparities in insulin pump use, providers should utilize objective, consistent criteria to determine which patients are safe to initiate insulin pump.

Coeliac disease is associated with depression in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes: results from a multicentre diabetes registry.

AIMS: To analyse the association between coeliac disease (CD) and depression in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: We included 79,067 T1D patients aged 6-20 years, with at least six months of diabetes duration, and treatment data between 1995 and 2019 were documented in the diabetes patient follow-up registry. We categorized patients into four groups: T1D only (n = 73,699), T1 + CD (n = 3379), T1D + depression (n = 1877), or T1D + CD + depression (n = 112). RESULTS: CD and depression were significantly associated (adjusted OR: 1.25 [1.03-1.53]). Females were more frequent in both the depression and the CD group compared with the T1D only group. Insulin pumps were used more frequently in T1D + CD and T1D + depression compared with T1D only (both p < .001). HbA1c was higher in T1D + depression (9.0% [8.9-9.0]), T1D + CD + depression (8.9% [8.6-9.2]), both compared with T1D only (8.2% [8.2-8.2], all p < .001). We found comorbid autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and eating disorders more frequently in the T1D + CD + depression group compared with T1D only (all p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CD and depression are associated in young T1D patients. The double load of T1D and CD may lead to an increased risk for depression. Depression was associated with additional psychological and neurological comorbidities. Aside from imperative CD screening after T1D diagnosis and regular intervals, depression screening might be helpful in routine care, especially in patients with diagnosed CD.

Barriers and facilitators to accessing insulin pump therapy by adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative study.

AIMS: Uptake of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) by people with diabetes (PwD) in Ireland is low and exhibits regional variation. This study explores barriers and facilitators to accessing CSII by adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative study employing focus groups with adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 26) and semi-structured interviews with health care professionals (HCP) and other key stakeholders (n = 21) was conducted. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze data, using NVivo. RESULTS: Four main themes comprising barriers to or facilitators of CSII uptake were identified. These included: (1) awareness of CSII and its benefits, (2) the structure of diabetes services, (3) the capacity of the diabetes service to deliver the CSII service, and (4) the impact of individuals' attitudes and personal characteristics-both PwD, and HCP. Each of these themes was associated with a number of categories, of which 18 were identified and explored. If the structure of the health-service is insufficient and capacity is poor (e.g., under-resourced clinics), CSII uptake appears to be impacted by individuals': interest, attitude, willingness and motivation, which may intensify the regional inequality in accessing CSII. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified factors that contribute to gaps in the delivery of diabetes care that policy-makers may use to improve access to CSII for adult PwD.

Canadian Real-World Outcomes of Omnipod Initiation in People with Type 1 Diabetes (COPPER study): Evidence from the LMC Diabetes Registry.

AIMS: To investigate real-world clinical outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes who initiated the Omnipod Insulin Management System (Insulet Corp., Acton, MA, USA) compared to a matched cohort who maintained multiple daily injection therapy. METHODS: This retrospective observational study used data from the Canadian LMC Diabetes Registry. Adults with type 1 diabetes who switched from multiple daily injections to the Omnipod system as usual standard of care between January 2011 and April 2019 were matched to a cohort of adults with type 1 diabetes who maintained multiple daily injection therapy, using propensity-score matching. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c at 3- to 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Propensity-score matching resulted in a final analytical cohort of 286 individuals (143/cohort). HbA1c in the Omnipod cohort was reduced by a mean ± sd of -3 ± 10 mmol/mol (-0.2 ± 1.0%; P = 0.005) with no change in the MDI cohort [0 ± 10 mmol/mol (0.0 ± 1.0%); P = 0.74]. HbA1c change was seen only in persons with baseline HbA1c ≥75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) [Omnipod cohort: -15 ± 12 mmol/mol (-1.4 ± 1.1%); P < 0.001] with a between-treatment difference [mean (95% CI)] of -12 (-18, -6) mmol/mol [-1.1 (-1.6, -0.5) %, P < 0.001]. The median total daily dose of insulin was lower following Omnipod initiation (baseline 0.63 U/kg vs follow-up 0.53 U/kg; P < 0.001), with no change in the MDI cohort (baseline 0.68 U/kg vs follow-up 0.67 U/kg; P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Adults with type 1 diabetes who initiated use of the Omnipod system in a real-world clinical setting had lower HbA1c and total daily dose of insulin at 3- to 6-month follow-up compared to a matched cohort of adults who maintained multiple daily injection therapy. A treatment difference in HbA1c change was seen only in people with baseline HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9.0%). (Clinical trials registration: NCT04226378).

Uso do sistema de infusão contínua de insulina em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: revisão de mapeamento sistemático / Use of continuous insulin infusion systems in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Um dos avanços tecnológicos no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) é o uso do sistema de Infusão Contínua de Insulina (SICI). Essa revisão sistemática de mapeamento teve como objetivo agrupar e descrever as evidências dos estudos relacionados ao uso do SICI em crianças e adolescentes com DM1. A estratégia de busca foi estruturada a partir da ferramenta PCO, utilizando-se uma combinação de descritores e palavras-chaves. Buscas bibliográficas foram conduzidas nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Lilacs e PsycINFO, aplicando-se um único filtro, que foi o temporal, delimitando-se a publicação dos estudos até dezembro de 2020. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos primários e secundários, quantitativos e qualitativos, que tivessem como objetivo abordar o uso do SICI em crianças e adolescentes (0-18 anos) com DM1; e estudos que abordassem as perspectivas das próprias crianças e adolescentes, dos profissionais de saúde e dos familiares. Constituíram critérios de exclusão: estudos que comparassem a terapia de múltiplas injeções de insulina com a terapia por meio do SICI ou que incluíssem adultos jovens e adultos conjuntamente às crianças e adolescentes, participantes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) ou usuários do SICI com foco no sistema de monitorização contínua de glicose (CGM) ou pâncreas artificial. Utilizou-se o software Rayyan para exclusão das referências duplicadas e para a triagem dos títulos e resumos das referências capturadas, a qual foi conduzida por dois revisores independentes. Os dados dos estudos incluídos foram analisados com auxílio de uma ferramenta de extração adaptada e validada por pesquisadores especialistas em diabetes e com experiência no desenvolvimento de métodos de síntese de conhecimento. Os resultados foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Incluiu-se um total de 113 estudos na revisão, dentre eles, estudos originais, revisões de literatura e publicações de literatura cinzenta. Mapas de geocodificação dos estudos foram produzidos com auxílio do software ArcGis 10.5 para ilustrar o local de desenvolvimento dos estudos. A análise geográfica dos estudos possibilitou identificar maior concentração de publicações conduzidas em países desenvolvidos. Esta revisão reuniu as evidências para o uso do SICI em crianças e adolescentes com DM1, as quais foram apresentadas por meio das seguintes categorias: indicações e contraindicações para o uso do SICI; controle metabólico; redes de apoio; e benefícios e desafios do uso do SICI. As indicações para o uso do SICI superam as contraindicações. Apesar de grande parte dos estudos evidenciar melhora do controle metabólico de crianças e adolescentes em uso do SICI, a piora desse controle foi descrita em algumas pesquisas, o que sugere que esse parâmetro não deve ser analisado de forma isolada. As redes de apoio foram citadas como um dos fatores que influenciam os parâmetros de controle metabólico, conformando as subcategorias: apoio familiar e apoio da equipe de saúde e escola. Foram elencados desafios para o uso do SICI na população pediátrica, porém, vale ressaltar que parte destes desafios tem sido superada com o avanço da ciência e da tecnologia moderna. Múltiplos benefícios também foram descritos na literatura, os quais podem auxiliar profissionais de saúde na tomada de decisão para a melhor escolha e acompanhamento do tratamento do DM1 em crianças e adolescentes. Esta revisão reúne evidências sobre o uso do SICI em crianças e adolescentes com DM1 e contribui com o corpo de conhecimento relacionado à temática

One of the technological advances in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment is the use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII). The aim of this systematic mapping review was to group and describe the evidence from research on the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM. The search strategy was structured based on the PCO tool, using a combination of descriptors and keywords. Bibliographic searches were undertaken in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Lilacs and PsycINFO, applying a single time-based filter to delimit the publication of studies until December 2020. The inclusion criteria were: primary and secondary studies, quantitative and qualitative, aimed at discussing the use of CSII in children and adolescents (0-18 years) with T1DM; and studies addressing the perspectives of the actual children and adolescents, the health professionals and Family members. Exclusion criteria were: studies that compared multiple insulin injection therapy with therapy using CSII or that included young adults and adults together with the children and adolescents, participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or with CSII users focusing on the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system or artificial pancreas. The software Rayyan was used to exclude duplicated references and to screen the titles and abstracts of the collected references, which was conducted by two independent reviewers. The data from the included studies were analyzed with the help of an extraction tool, adapted and validated by researchers with diabetes expertise and knowledgeable on the development of knowledge synthesis methods. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the results. In total, 113 studies were included in the review, covering original studies, literature reviews and grey literature publications. Geocoding maps of the studies were produced in ArcGis 10.5 to illustrate where the studies had been developed. Through the geographic analysis of the studies a greater concentration of publications in developed countries was identified. This review gathered evidence on the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM, presented in the following categories: indications and contraindications for the use of CSII; metabolic control; support networks; and benefits and challenges of CSII use. The indications in favor of using CSII outweigh the contraindications. Although most of the studies evidence improved metabolic control in children and adolescents who use CSII, some studies described worse control, suggesting that this parameter should not be analyzed in isolation. The support networks were mentioned as one of the factors that influence the metabolic control parameters. This category includes the following subcategories: family support and support from the health team and school. Challenges were listed for the use of CSII in the pediatric population, although it should be highlighted that advanced science and modern technology have overcome some of these. Multiple benefits have also been described in the literature, which can help health professionals to make decisions in order to better choose and monitor T1DM treatment in children and adolescents. This review gathers evidence on the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM and contributes to the body of knowledge on the theme

Diabetes and technology: A pilot study on the management of patients with insulin pumps during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the treatment process through IT/technological supports, useful in the management of chronic patients such as those affected by type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Specific routes for fragile patients such as those with micro-infusers have been created thanks to the application of "Diabetes Technology," which allows patients to monitor blood glucose quickly and easily. The present pilot study aimed to assess the quality of care provided to patients with micro-infusers in a delicate phase such as a pandemic lockdown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was used. In the first part, with prior written consent, patients with insulin pumps enrolled voluntarily. In the second part, the focus group discussion (FGD) was carried out with the voluntarily enrolled participants. The FGD data were organized and analyzed by the thematic areas. RESULTS: The number of patients with afferent insulin pumps at the center was 50 individuals. Among them, 20 patients voluntarily joined the first part of the study by completing the PACIC questionnaire, which gave an average result of 3.34 (min. 2.2 and max. 4.2). In the second part, the application of the focus group technique demonstrated that technology is decisive in the management of diabetic pathology, not only in the emergency phase. CONCLUSIONS: At the time of public health crises, alternative strategies such as Tele-Nursing or Telemedicine could be crucial for the management of patients with micro-infuser not only in critical moments, such as lockdown, but also in ordinary health management.

Glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes using a hybrid closed loop system and followed by telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.

AIMS: This study aims at evaluating the metrics of glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes using the hybrid closed loop (HCL) system during the COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of thirty adults with type 1 diabetes using HCL and followed with telemedicine at an Italian University Hospital. Data on metrics of glucose control were collected at different times: two weeks before the lockdown (Time 0), first two weeks of lockdown (Time 1), last two weeks of lockdown (Time 2) and first two weeks after the lockdown (Time 3). The primary endpoint was the change in glucose management indicator (GMI) across the different time points. RESULTS: GMI did not worsen over time (Time 1 vs Time 3, 7% vs 6.9%, P < 0.05), whereas a reduction of mean glucose (P = 0.004) and indices of glucose variability was observed. Time in range (TIR) significantly increased (68.5% vs 73.5%, P = 0.012), and time above range (TAR) level 2 (251-400 mg/dL) significantly decreased (P = 0.002). The improvement of TIR and glucose variability was mainly observed in participants < 35 years. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with type 1 diabetes using HCL showed a significant improvement of most of the metrics of glucose control during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Evaluating Feasibility of Personal Diabetes Device Data Collection for Research.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes devices, like insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), capture and store patient adherence and utilization data that can be retrieved or downloaded providing objective information on self-management behaviors; yet, diabetes device data remain underutilized in research. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the usability and feasibility of personal diabetes device data collected using a clinical download platform retooled for research purposes. METHODS: Investigators evaluated the feasibility of raw diabetes device data collection. One hundred eight preteens and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and their parents provided consent/assent. RESULTS: Data were successfully collected from the diabetes devices (insulin pumps and CGM) of 97 youth using a clinical download software adapted for research, including data from all three commercially available CGM systems and insulin pumps brands, which contained all current and previous models of each insulin pump brand. The time required to download, mode of connection, and process varied significantly between brands. Despite the use of an agnostic download software, some outdated device brands and cloud-based CGM data were unsupported during data collection. Within the download software, dummy clinical accounts were created for each study participant, which were then linked back to a master study account for data retrieval. Raw device data were extracted into seven to eight Excel files per participant, which were then used to develop aggregate daily measures. DISCUSSION: Our analysis is the first of its kind to examine the feasibility of raw diabetes device data using a clinical download software. The investigators highlight issues encountered throughout the research process, along with mitigating strategies to inform future inquiry. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of raw data collection, from a wide variety of insulin pump and CGM brands, through the retooling of a clinical download software. Data from these personal devices provide a unique opportunity to study self-management behavior and the glycemic response of individuals in their everyday environments.

Coronavirus lockdown effect on type 1 diabetes management οn children wearing insulin pump equipped with continuous glucose monitoring system.

AIMS: On the 10th of March, Greece imposed the closure of schools and universities and a full lockdown a few days later in order to counter the spread of the coronavirus outbreak. Our aim was to monitor the effect of the coronavirus lockdown in diabetes management in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) wearing insulin pump equipped with continuous glucose monitoring system. METHODS: In 34 children with T1DM on Medtronic 640G insulin pump equipped with the Enlite Sensor uploaded CareLink data were categorized in 2 three-week periods before and after the 10th of March. RESULTS: Mean time in range (TIR) did not significantly differ between the two periods. However, a significantly higher Coefficient of Variation (CV) indicating an increased glucose variability in the pre-lockdown period was observed (39.52% versus 37.40%, p = 0.011). Blood glucose readings were significantly fewer during the lockdown period (7.91 versus 7.41, p = 0.001). No significant difference was recorded regarding the total daily dose of insulin and the reported carbohydrates consumed. However, the meal schedule has changed dramatically as the percentage of breakfast consumed before 10.00 a.m. has fallen from 80.67% to 41.46% (p < 0.001) during the lockdown. Correspondingly, the percentage of dinner consumption before 10.00 p.m. significantly fell during the lockdown period (60.22% versus 53.78%, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic control during the coronavirus lockdown can be adequately achieved and be comparable to the pre-lockdown period in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus wearing insulin pump equipped with sensor.